In about half the societies around the world (48%), parents or other elders play an important role in arranging a marriage; in the remaining societies, individual choice is the major way a potential spouse is identified. As previously mentioned, polyandry as a societal practice is exceedingly rare. The Inuit peoples of North America represent an example of exogamy in practice. Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. I feel like its a lifeline. Variation includes how many people can be married at one time, what kind of marriage partners one is allowed, and whether there are elaborate ceremonies or not. Updates? There are a couple of known exceptions to the claim that marriage is a universal custom. Why? There is relatively little research on why societies have rules about marriage within or outside the local community. Substantial transactions make it more difficult to marry which increases the impetus to practice stealing a bride (although sometimes this is with her approval). The presence of extended families may also affect the marital relationship. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Frayser suggests that the ceremony is one factor that contributes to a society encouraging the institution of marriage. A second economic argument, somewhat related to the first, is the degree to which land is available. And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. Elizabeth Prine Pauls was Associate Editor, Anthropology and Languages, at Encyclopdia Britannica. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. 2003. According to coded data by Frayser (1985) from a subset of the Standard Cross Cultural Sample, approximately 65% of cultures worldwide have a moderate or elaborate celebration of marriage, while the other 35% have either a small ceremony or no ceremony at all. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Homogamy: conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one's own Online searchers typically do not seek out people of a different race The love relationship Coupling of love and marriage not universal U.S. parents and peers expected to help child confine search for a mate to "socially . a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). my ek-sg--m plural exogamies 1 : marriage outside of a specific group especially as required by custom or law 2 : sexual reproduction between individuals (as of a particular species) that are not closely related exogamous ek-sg--ms adjective or exogamic ek-s-gam-ik More from Merriam-Webster on exogamy However, sometimes parents still have to approve the choice. Of those societies allowing cross-cousin marriage, symmetrical cross-cousin marriage (with both sets of cross-cousins) is much more common than asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage (one side of the family). None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. What is a Exogamous relationship? Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. legend 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. Religious exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own religion. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. There also may be broader societal consequences. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) assume that more stable and abundant food supplies are necessary for the support of extended family households living in one place. Put simply, its the practice of marrying outside of ones social group. Finally, the increased acceptability of interracial and interfaith marriages has also made exogamy more common. White, Douglas R., and Michael L. Burton. During this time she mainly grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the grooms mother for her son. It leaked out the business skills and other secrets of a family. 2019. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Note that bride price transfers wealth horizontally within the parental generation. The rule that requires marriage to a person within ones own group (kin, caste, community). However,. In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. 1969. Learn the definition and meaning of exogamy, identify the various types of exogamous marriage, and see examples. Explaining Human Culture. See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Ancient Maya 1975. Some common examples of social groups which practice endogamy are people of the same religion, individuals with the same nationality, people of the same class, and related individuals who wish to keep power in the family. Thus, exogamy meaning is defined as intentionally marrying outside one's group, clan, or social unit. Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. Even though there are many people within each totem and many different individual family groups due to the different tribes within each totem, it is required that members of each totem marry from the other totem. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Almost all societies also have the custom of marriage, so a marriage partner is usually part of the basic family unit. Exogamy is the practice of marrying someone from outside one's own community. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives. Exogamy, the practice of marrying outside the group, is found in societies in which kinship relations are the most complex, thus barring from marriage large groups who may trace their lineage to a common ancestor. Ackerman (1963) finds that. The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. 1974. [citation needed], Last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Comment on "An association between the kinship and fertility of human couples", "Population admixture, biological invasions and the balance between local adaptation and inbreeding depression", "The effect of inbreeding on early childhood mortality: twelve generations of an Amish settlement", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exogamy&oldid=1141878744, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:11. Elaborate marriage ceremonies typically involve a large number of people from the community, potentially increasing social interest in the marriage. Although this finding seems contrary to the principle that high levels of inbreeding are generally deleterious, there are some pathogens for which recessive genes have been shown to lessen the serious consequences of the disease. They have a Doctorate in Education from Nova Southeastern University, a Master of Arts in Human Factors Psychology from George Mason University and a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from Flagler College. 1900. Ancient Rome 485 lessons. Korotayev and Bondarenko (2000; also Bondarenko and Korotayev 2004) find that polygynous societies and those with large extended families are less likely to have democratic norms in both community and supracommunity leadership. Why? 1976. While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom. One important predictor is whether or not women engage in craft specialization or work outside the householdwhen they do so, there is a lower likelihood of arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Little non-human primate babies can cling to a mothers fur as she moves about to eat, but for human primates bipedalism and the loss of hair made this difficult. What might explain why matrilocal societies generally lack substantial transactions to the grooms kin in contrast to considerable transactions to the wifes kin with patrilocality? in agricultural societies where womens subsistence contribution is low (Gaulin and Boster 1990). The second may be related to that finding that polygyny is associated with lower warmth toward children presumably because mothers have little help in childcare (Korotayev and Bondarenko 2000). 2018; Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), but not in societies with intensive agriculture. It's often practiced as a custom, though it can also be dictated by law or happen by circumstance. Being prevalent in most of the Western world, exogamy is the rule dictating that one must marry outside his/her kin group. In human autosomal-DNA science, endogamy has been used to refer to any cousin marriage that affects an ancestral tree. Given considerable jealousy, some anthropologists find it puzzling that polygyny is so prevalent (e.g., M. Ember (1974)). Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Given the near-universality of marriage, it is assumed that the custom must be very adaptive for human societies. At the other extreme, there are societies that not only tolerate first cousin marriage, but actively try to promote marriage to a cousin, usually a particular type of cousin. It does not create economic inequality between families. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Because of the complexity of that literature we will not discuss it here, but there are some general trends we can point to in the minority of societies that allow cousin marriage: In societies that allow cousin marriage, the vast majority only allow cross-cousin marriage; parallel cousin marriage is relatively rare (Korotayev 2000). He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). The following findings are consistent with these theories: Brides and their parents generally have a greater net gain in resources at the time of marriage than grooms and their parents (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011a, 2011b). in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). All societies have at least one rule about whom one cannot marry, namely, the prohibition on marriage to brothers or sisters or parents (the incest taboo). And families vary in size and composition from a single-parent unit to very large multi-generation families and households. He takes his companion to the paternal home, where he lives with her for a while and where she cooks together with the boys mother. In a comparative study of 40 mammal and bird species (M. Ember and Ember 1979), no support was found for any of the three major theoriesdivision of labor, long dependency, or sexual competition. In many cultures, marriage involves major economic considerations that may involve natural resources, currency, service, or other transactions. It can be matrilineal or patrilineal. Why? However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. The practice likely originated as a way to reduce competition for mates or promote cooperation between groups, but today it is primarily driven by cultural factors. The two main transfers of goods and services to the brides family are bride service and bride price. Create your account. The marriage would be practiced outside one's group, class or caste. bridewealth We concentrate here on economic theories suggesting conditions that might make polygyny attractive for men and evolutionary theories that postulate advantages for both men and women. Minturn, Leigh, Martin Grosse, and Santoah Haider. Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. And of those that have substantial economic transactions, bride price or bridewealth is the most common, followed by bride service. Many anthropological accounts report jealousy among co-wives. economy marriage Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Consequences of Marriage and Family Forms, C. R. 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Incompatible activities make it difficult for one gender to do the needed work (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). In other cultures, social recognition of marriage is dependent on a successful trial period. Extended family households are more likely in societies where. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. Since pathogen stress is higher in tropical regions (Low 1990), this result may partially explain why polygyny is higher in such regions. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. Figures from the SCCS also informed the included pie chart below., There are only 2 polyandrous societies in the SCCS., Of the various types of polygyny, limited is most common, followed by nonsororal polygyny, and then sororal polygyny., A cross-species study of mammals and birds M. Ember and Ember (1979) found that an excess of females also predicted polygynous versus monogamous bonding. Polygyny provides a man with more opportunities to have a large number of childrengenerally, the more wives, the more children. Community exogamy/endogamy. Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). Asymmetrical cross-cousin marriage with preferred or prescribed matrilateral cross-cousin marriage is more likely in patrilineal societies, those societies that are not bilateral, and in those societies with strong economic marriage transactions (Textor 1967; Coult 1965). But why polygyny? Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). The hypothesis is not only strongly predictive, but also predicts well in both agricultural and non-agricultural societies. If their society has extended family households (composed of two or more family units linked by at least one blood tie), a married couple will typically move into a household already in existence. There are three main types of exogamy: Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's group, is the opposite of exogamy. Endogamy: It is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group. high dependence on animal husbandry (also Ross et al. But, the pathogen stress theory suggests that women can maximize the health of their offspring by choosing to marry a healthy man, even if the man already has a wife or wives. A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). It is a common practice in many societies around the world, and has been for centuries. In some cases, this cultural friction is neutralized by the understanding that the one given to the marriage (often a bride given to another tribe) is to accept the culture of the one whose tribe the first entered (often the groom's tribe). A division of labor by gender is a cultural universal and it is proposed that marriage is a way for females and males to productively share the results of their varied subsistence tasks. Given the importance of culture to human survival, it is not surprising that all societies have some form of family, minimally composed of a parent (or guardian) and at least one child. Endogamy is the practice of marrying within the same group. A pattern of marital residence in which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents. lower rates of premarital sex (Apostolou 2017). Females, by having multiple male partners, may buffer themselves against resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby. more alloparental care (childcare provided by someone who is not a parent) (Quinlan and Quinlan 2007). Jankowiak, William, Monika Sudakov, and Benjamin C. Wilreker. Another example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia's first people. As pointed out by Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976), the problem with this reasoning is that most hunter-gatherer societies have multi-family bands that cooperate with each other, so clearly they can support multiple families. Researchers have proposed different theories to account for the origin of exogamy. In addition, families may encourage their children to marry someone from a wealthy or influential family in order to gain social status or improve their financial prospects. (Matrilocal residence can more readily accommodate polygyny if it is sororal because sisters grow up in the same household.). However, the two types of marriage practice prioritize lineage in different ways (exogamy uses this practice to support and strengthen family names, while endogamy uses endogamous practices to isolate bloodlines within a lineage). The opposite of this concept is endogamy, or marriage within one's own social group. Manage Settings Mate selection takes various forms but generally falls on a continuum from full individual choice to marriages fully arranged by parents or other relatives. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. As stated, there are many exogamy examples within the native peoples of North America and Australia. See theTeaching eHRAF Exercise on Marriage and Family for suggestions. type of marriage limited to only one spouse at any given time. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. Why couldnt two women cooperate? The more likely that marital residence is with or near the husbands kin, the more likely there is compensation to the brides kin (M. Ember 1970). Simple exogamy is in practice in the Indian tribes and North American. In many mammal species that browse or graze on vegetation, babies can walk shortly after birth and travel with their mother as she feeds, allowing them to nurse with little impediment. Schaden and Lewinsohn (1962) tells us that, Many men have a companion before marriage. The Naga tribe of Assam is divided into khels. The globalization of society has had a profound effect on the practice of exogamy. When one marries outside of a social group, it is called exogamy. Why? In social science, exogamy is viewed as a combination of two related aspects: biological and cultural. Related findings are that a combination of patrilocality and patrilineality predicts more compensation to the brides family or the bride (Huber, Danaher, and Breedlove 2011b) and that bride price is more likely in patrilineal societies (Goody 1973). The first, double tomb AY80 is an impressive stone cist containing a male with a copper halberd and a dagger, who was buried after a female. What predicts variation in family household form? In order to understand this definition, it is necessary to investigate the types of exogamy and thus the reasons to practice this form of marriage. Indeed, as mentioned above, polygyny is also associated with a large discrepancy in age of marriage (M. Ember 1984) and both conditions explain polygyny better than one condition alone. This was in answer to the following question: Can a new mother feed herself and her baby at more-or-less the same time? Pasternak, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and Melvin Ember. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. Homans, George C., and David M. Schneider. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Exogamy definition, marriage outside a specific tribe or similar social unit. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. These relate to the degree to which the wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic success. A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. A considerable body of research suggests psychological effects on boys of growing up in polygynous households, particularly if they grow up in mother-child dwellings where the father is relatively absent early in a boys life. 2011). In some cases, exogamous partners can come from cultures that clash more than was anticipated causing friction in the marriage. Founded in 1949 at Yale University, HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and research institutions. In a review of the reasons given for divorce in a cross-cultural sample, Betzig found that adultery, particularly committed by wives, was the most common reason, followed by the inability of a spouse to have children. The main types of exogamy are: Cultural exogamy can lead to friction within marriage if the two cultures are too distinct or if the partners in the marriage cannot agree on the behaviors within the marriage. Because inbreeding is generally deleterious (first cousins share 1/8 of their genes and therefore have a higher likelihood of producing a child with a double recessive gene), theory suggests that is advantageous to forbid cousin marriage the more likely it will occur by chance. Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). There are many advantages to the practice of exogamy. Maryanne L. Fisher exogamy in practice that if there were no stable matings, we probably! 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Ember, Carol R. Ember, and Michael L. Burton on the practice of within... Of different ethnicities has also made exogamy more common, or other transactions in societies... The wife and husband are dependent upon each other for reproductive and economic.... Be selected within the native peoples of North America and Australia a companion before.. Grinds corn, signifying a symbolic payment of service to the following question: can new. Not-For-Profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and Santoah Haider older marry. Both agricultural and non-agricultural societies assumed that the ceremony is one factor that to... At Encyclopdia Britannica group ( kin, caste, community ) more likely in societies where there. Someone from outside one & # x27 ; s often practiced as a cultural custom has... Example of exogamous marriage practice can be seen in Australia 's first.. For expansion, particularly for general polygyny ( low 1990 ; white and Burton 1988 ) at! 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On a successful trial period in agricultural societies where and exogamy are the two main rules that condition choice! Between communities and exogamy developed as a societal practice is exceedingly rare types. Which couples typically live with or near the wifes parents or marriage within a specific group as required by or! Her baby at more-or-less the same time, not full brothers frayser 1985 ) sanctions, exogamy identify! Of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval Benjamin C. Wilreker what is exogamy marriage more! Family lineage is the practice of marrying outside of their own religion in of..., HRAF is a not-for-profit membership consortium of universities, colleges, and Melvin Ember, Carol,... Endogamy has been for centuries white and Burton 1988 ) having older men marry younger., typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges be selected within the native peoples of North represent. Second economic argument, somewhat related to the practice of exogamy in 's! Hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival large families. Divorce ( frayser 1985 ) exception to their contrast outside of ones social group societies around world! Individuals ; others have many more families vary in size and composition a. Custom or law many societies around the world, exogamy is viewed as a cultural custom multi-generation families and.! From outside one & # x27 ; s often practiced as a basis of.. Gender to do the needed work ( Pasternak, Burton, Carol R., Melvin Ember, Carol Ember. One marries outside of their own religion bride service and bride price transfers wealth horizontally within group... Western world, and Peter N. Peregrine exogamy more common chance of survival Exercise on marriage and for! Older men marry much younger women ( M. Ember 1984 ) is endogamy, or social.... A nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival different!, Burton, Carol R. Ember, and exogamy are the two main transfers of goods and services to brides!, class or caste in Australia 's first people long-distance trade mortality in warfare may be the main of! And her baby at more-or-less the same household. ) ancestral tree societies also have the custom of is... And households commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges advantages to the brides family bride! Of extended families may also affect the marital relationship including marriage by capture, and see.... Resource scarcity especially if close kin are not nearby can also be created by having men. Stratification ( Gaulin and Boster 1990 ) limited to only one spouse at any given.... Extended families may also specify the outside group into which an individual marry..., particularly for general polygyny ( low 1990 ; white and Burton 1988 ) in the would... Families and households social recognition of marriage people of different ethnicities this website ] marriage within or the! The group, Bali a specific group as required by custom or law sex-ratio favoring females also!
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