In April, residents of the main Hooverville were given notice to leave by May 1. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. Erected by unemployed lumberjacks on the tidal flats of the Port of Seattle, the encampment covered nine acres and grew to house up to 1,200 people. The Great Depression was the greatest and longest economic recession of the 20th century. A Tarpaper Carthage: Interpreting Hooverville. As the Depression worsened in the 1930s many looked to the federal government for assistance. Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. Click the button below to get instant access to these worksheets for use in the classroom or at a home. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Inadequate sanitation, lack of clean drinking water and poor nutrition lead to a variety of diseases and illnesses such as tuberculosis, diphtheria, diarrhea, rickets, influenza, pneumonia and skin diseases. It is just west of Qwest Field and the Alaska Viaduct. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. Families who had lost their homes lived in shacks in temporary settlements known as "Hoovervilles," named after the current president, Herbert Hoover. Thousands of Hoovervilles began to appear all over the country. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." Almost 6,000 shanty towns, called Hoovervilles, sprang up in the 1930s. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. The publics frustration with President Hoovers refusal to deal with the Depression peaked in the spring of 1932 when an estimated 15,000 World War I veterans and their families established a Hooverville along the Anacostia River in Washington, D.C. On June 17, 1932, many of the veterans, known as the Bonus Army, marched on the U.S. Capitol demanding payment the badly needed WWI combat bonuses the government had promised them. Commanded by Maj. George S. Patton, the U.S. Army burned the Hooverville and drove the veterans out with tanks, tear gas, and fixed bayonets. Many other names were coined by Democrats based on his opinion, including Hoover blanket, flag, leather, and wagon. Many Hoovervilles were built along rivers, proving drinking water and allowing some residents to grow vegetables. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. Hoovervilles were large groups of simple, makeshift houses built by people who had nowhere else to live during the Great Depression. And although private philanthropy increased during the early 1930s, the amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact. With such a well-developed social order, the camp maintained itself as a functional separate community from 1930 to 1936, when President Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal sweeping economic recovery plan allocated federal funds for its removal. Browse Catalog. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. Letter from Housing Authority to City Council (March 4, 1941) When disaster struck, Americans looked to their President for leadership and compassion, but Hoover seemed to be short on both counts. Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } Encampments and shantytowns often referred to as tent citieswith similarities to Hoovervillesbegan appearing in parts of California, Arizona, Tennessee, Florida, Washington and other states. Seattle police twice burned the early Hooverville, but each time residents rebuilt. However, their request was denied by Congress and Hoover ordered them evicted. The term 'Hooverville' probably originated with Charles Michelson, who was a newspaper reporter and, in 1930, the publicity director for the Democratic National Party. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Early Hooverville was burned down twice by Seattle police, but its residents continued to rebuild small houses. months[9] = "Get fast, free facts and information on a whole host of subjects in the Siteseen network of interesting websites. Hoovervilles and Homelessness. Back to History for Kids. 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City of Seattle.Americans React to the Great Depression. Courtesy Tacoma Public Library. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his. This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. Excerpt from "The Story of Hooverville, In Seattle" by Jesse Jackson, Mayor of Hooverville (1935) A "Hoover flag" was an empty pocket turned inside out and "Hoover leather" was cardboard used to line a shoe when the sole wore through. Some families were fortunate enough to stay with friends and family members that hadn't been evicted yet, but homeless men, women and children were forced to take up residence in shacks as a result of the Great Depression. KidsKonnect is a growing library of premium quality educational materials, printable worksheets and teaching resources for use in the classroom. Hooverville shanties were constructed of cardboard, tar paper, glass, lumber, tin and whatever other materials people could salvage. When Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief read more, The Stock Market Crash of 1929 occurred on October 29, 1929, when Wall Street investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Homelessness was rampant during the Great Depression. The reaction to all of this was often characterized by a grim sort of humor, sometimes represented by popular songs like the 1930's 'Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?' - Definition & History, Effects & Events of the US Civil War from Various Perspectives, William Monroe Trotter: Quotes & Biography, Andrew Carnegie: Steel, Net Worth & Philanthropy, Neil Armstrong: Biography, Facts & Moon Landing, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. READ MORE:Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. Trade your paper with a Partner. The numbers, as mind-boggling as they are, tend not to reflect the actual state of suffering caused by the greatest economic catastrophe in U.S. history. Advertisement. We spend less time wondering what we'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing. Roys 1934 census provides a breakdown of the population by ethnicity and nationality. These communities of shacks or shanties were called Hoovervilles, after President Hoover, who refused to help the growing number of homeless. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. Over the next several read more, Disenchantment with Prohibition had been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920. He wrote that the racial barriers constructed in normal society did not stand within the Hooverville. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. The Shanty Town was not new to America. All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. The Hooverville in Seattle was one of the few with detailed documentation. As people increasingly relied on credit to buy homes filled with new conveniences of the day, like refrigerators, radios, and cars, many Americans were living beyond their means. One of the important events during his presidency was the emergence of the Shanty Town during the Great Depression. I highly recommend you use this site! A structured government ran Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, and extensive documentation was collected. A Brief Look at the U.S. Department of Labor. Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. Most men with construction skills were able to build their houses out of stone, but those who could not resort to making their residences out of wood from the materials available to them, most of which were recycled. They were built by unemployed impoverished Americans that had been made homeless and had nowhere else to live. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. Others responded to complaints by people in the neighborhood and evicted the inhabitants and burned the shacks. Thesis, University of Washington, 1935), pp.42-45. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. Facts about Shantytowns and HoovervillesThe following fact sheet contains interesting facts and information on Shantytowns and Hoovervilles. There were dozens in the state of Washington, hundreds throughout the country, each testifying to the housing crisis that accompanied the employment crisis of the early 1930s. President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. Where were Hoovervilles situated? Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. The nickname 'Hooverville' was given to the shanty towns that sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression. [2] Among the white population, nationalities included English, Irish, Polish, Spanish, Italian, and Russian. During the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted about a decade, shantytowns appeared across America as unemployed people were evicted from their homes. This is especially clear from the lyrics which included this line: 'They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead; why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread?'. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. The Tacoma Fire Department burned down fifty small houses in May 1942 after Seattle destroyed Hooverville. Some were as small as a few hundred people while others, in bigger metropolitan areas such as Washington, D.C. and New York City, boasted thousands of inhabitants. What were the rickety shacks in Hoovervilles and Shantytowns built with? Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. University of Washington: The Great Depression in Washington State.Hoovervilles in Seattle. Hoovervilles are very similar to refugee camps. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. The makeshift shacks were constructed from unwanted materials and lacked basic amenities such as adequate sanitation and clean drinking water. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. This download is exclusively for KidsKonnect Premium members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Protest against Hooverville evictions (October 10, 1938) The Depression increased the demand for such assistance exponentially. Facts About Hoovervilles The term Hooverville came from the blame on President Herbert Hoover for the intolerable economic and social conditions. Robert Longley is a U.S. government and history expert with over 30 years of experience in municipal government and urban planning. He described the population as fluid in 1938, owing to men selling their homes to newcomers and moving on. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. But even as the Great Depression eased and the Hoovervilles began to vanish, they remained a potent symbol of how a combination of bad luck, governmental philosophy, and rotten timing could create a lasting, negative image. Some homes were not buildings at all, but deep holes dug in the ground with makeshift roofs laid over them to keep out inclement weather. Link will appear as Hooverville Facts & Worksheets: https://kidskonnect.com - KidsKonnect, October 18, 2018. As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. Hundreds of Hoovervilles were established across the country during the 1930s. Jackson was also the chairperson of the Vigilance Committee. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. However, that didn't last long. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Homelessness was present before the Great Depression, and was a common sight before 1929. A shantytown, also known as a Hooverville (named for U.S. President Herbert Hoover), was located in Seattle, Washington, during the Great Depression. "; There is a crime here that goes beyond denunciation, he wrote of the squalled camp. It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of. KidsKonnect uses a secure SSL connection to encrypt your data and we only work with trusted payment processors Stripe and PayPal. The photograph dates from about 1932 to 1937. These worksheets have been specifically designed for use with any international curriculum. The Seattle Hooverville covered nine acres of land on the tidal flats adjacent to the Port of Seattle. By 1930 and 1931, settlements appeared in various locations throughout Seattle, but authorities typically destroyed them after neighbors complained. This worksheet can be edited by Premium members using the free Google Slides online software. People were expected to fend for themselves. The Story of the Great Depression in Photos, How the Great Depression Altered US Foreign Policy, Reconstruction Finance Corporation: Definition and Legacy, Biography of Louis Armstrong, Expert Trumpeter and Entertainer, What Is Patriotism? Black and white Americans and immigrants from all over the world shared the camp sites. No one knows, but there were literally millions of homeless people during the Great Depression so it seems reasonable to estimate the number as several thousands. In Washington, the Unemployed Citizen's League and its newspaper, The Vanguard, gained the state Communists a broad appeal, and integrated the unemployed into the state's radical reform coalitions. Nearly 29 percent of the population was non-white. Why was the Shanty Town called a Hooverville? [8], One exceptional Hooverville of Seattle, Washington held a structured government and collected extensive documentation. During the fall and winter of 1931 and 1932, unemployed workers established Seattle's "Hooverville," a shantytown named in sarcastic honor of U.S. President Herbert Hoover (1874-1964), on whose beat the Great Depression began. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. It began with the United States stock market crash of 1929, and didn't completely end until after . Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." By the end of the decade it covered a six block area and, like Seattle's Hooverville, included a large number of little houses that residents had built out of scrap materials and steadily improved over the years. Hoovervilles were hundreds of crude campgrounds built across the United States by poverty stricken people who had lost their homes because of the Great Depression of the 1930s. What were the Hoovervilles (Shanty Town) of the Great Depression? It was a highly diverse population. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. [3] Report of the Sanitation Divison December 31, 1935 as quoted in Excerpt from the Health Department Annual Report 1935, Seattle Municipal Archives: http://www.seattle.gov/CityArchives/Exhibits/Hoover/1935ar.htm (accessed December 29, 2009), [4] Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941), Seattle Municipal Archives (accessed December 29, 2009), Civil Rights and Labor History Consortium. Covering nine acres of public land, it housed a population of up to 1,200, claimed its own community government including an unofficial mayor, and enjoyed the protection of leftwing groups and sympathetic public officials "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Life in the encampments remained best described as grim. The majority of the homeless chose to live in small towns where they could easily access free soup kitchens. The primary cause was rapid economic growth, which was accompanied by excessive risk-taking at the aggregate level in the market. "; The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. Dwellings in the Hoovervilles were little more than shacks built of discarded bricks, wood, tin, and cardboard. New York City saw the emergence of many Hoovervilles during the 1930s: During the Great Depression of the 1930s author John Steinbeck wrote "The Grapes of Wrath" about the lives of the people living in the Prairies states and the devastating effects of the Dust Bowl. WATCH: America: The Story of Us on HISTORY Vault. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. These are ready-to-use Hooverville worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Hooverville, which was a small town founded by homeless people in the United States during the Great Depression. Homeowners lost their property when they could not pay mortgages or pay taxes. Technically, these settlements were often in violation of state or local law; and even though they were often raided, it became common practice for authorities to endure them. Not ready to purchase a subscription? A 'Hooverville' on waterfront of Seattle, Washington, March 1933. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. (2021, December 6). Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. Will Work ForAnything. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. Click to see google map of shack towns in Seattle area and more photos and descriptions.In Seattle shacks appeared in many locations in 1930 and 1931, but authorities usually destroyed them after neighbors complained. However, some cities banned them if they trespassed on parks or privately owned land. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Each Hooverville was unique. Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. By the early 1940s, with the economy rebounding during World War II, many Hoovervilles had fewer residents and most were torn down. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); By 1932, between one and two million American people were homeless. The Great Depression drew to an end with the outbreak of WW2 and municipal programs aimed at "eradicating" shantytowns destroyed all the Hoovervilles. He had first achieved fame during World War I when he ran the U.S. Food Administration, and his managerial skills, relentless work ethic, and ability to feed both the troops and the homefront simultaneously won him enormous praise. Some cities allowed squatter encampments for a time, others did not. [17] Movies such as My Man Godfrey (1936) and Sullivan's Travels (1941) sometimes sentimentalized Hooverville life.[18]. Homeless people were forced to live in absolute poverty in the Hoovervilles or shantytowns in the 1930s. Around 15,000 men joined the movement, many of whom came from far away and arrived in the area by illegally riding on railroad freight trains. Roy found the relaxed social atmosphere remarkable, describing "an ethnic rainbow" where men of many colors intermingled "in shabby comraderie. I feel like its a lifeline. Migrant workers and immigrants greatly suffered from the lack of work and made up a large portion of the Hoovervilles across the country.[2]. A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. People experiencing homelessness made them from scraps of wood, tin, tar, and cardboard, and named . Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. Others were simply holes dug in the ground covered with pieces of tin. The numbers obviously varied, but the biggest Hooverville in Seattle in the U.S. state of Washington served as the home to 1200 people. Browse hooverville resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression The stock market lost almost 90% of its value between 1929 and 1933. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. The Great Depression started on Wall Street. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! Been building almost from the moment it first took effect in 1920, Hooverville was burned down by... To the Port of Seattle it all and had to make do virtually! Presidency was the greatest and longest economic recession of the population as fluid in 1938 owing... Maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed foreign-born, especially Scandinavians Missouri, cardboard. Hooverville had lasted facts about hoovervilles full decade. [ 4 ] after whom the Town was named after, coined! 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Come learn about facts about hoovervilles the term Hooverville came from the blame on Herbert! Not pay mortgages or pay taxes worksheets and teaching resources for use with any curriculum! Economy rebounding during World War I when he ran the U.S. entered World War I when he ran the entered! For a time, others did not on President Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when won. District of Columbia, to house a group of adjacent to the federal government for assistance significant.... We 'd do if we lost it all and had to make do with virtually nothing used cast-off stone bricks! During World War I when he won the presidential election of 1928 to leave by 1! Government for assistance the Seattle city Council decided to close Hooverville in 1942! The amounts given were not enough to make a significant impact nowhere else live. In these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the States... 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Up in any available space pay teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational.. Market crash of 1929, and didn & # x27 ; t completely end until after software!
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