100 million. Tuvaluan, Samoan, I-Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Vanuatu. There are also native languages, such as Samoan, Fijian and Enga (Papuan). [60][61][62][63][64][65][66], The United Nations (UN) has used its own geopolitical definition of Oceania since its foundation in 1947, which utilizes four of the five subregions from the 19th century; Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. the U.S.A. ranks number 3 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population. While in most of the English-speaking world Oceania is described as a geographical region, outside of the English-speaking world Oceania is described as one of the continents. Bullen added that, "Asia, Europe and the Maritime Continent are not literal geographic continents. 2. We explain what Oceania is, what its relief is like and the population of this continent. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. The Samoan word for dance is siva, which consists of unique gentle movements of the body in time to music and which tell a story. [292] The Big Bog on the island of Maui is the wettest place, receiving an average 10,271mm (404.4in) each year.[293]. [16] Most Oceanian countries are multi-party representative parliamentary democracies, with tourism being a large source of income for the Pacific Islands nations. The 1960 constitution, which formally came into force with independence from New Zealand in 1962, builds on the British pattern of parliamentary democracy, modified to take account of Samoan customs. [336] Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 when Puerto Rico's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii. The passerines of Australia, also known as songbirds or perching birds, include wrens, the magpie group, thornbills, corvids, pardalotes, lyrebirds. United Nations projections are also included through the year 2100. [464] Additionally, Australia has hosted five editions of the Commonwealth Games (Sydney 1938, Perth 1962, Brisbane 1982, Melbourne 2006, Gold Coast 2018). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [419] New Zealand yields produce from land and sea most crops and livestock, such as maize, potatoes and pigs, were gradually introduced by the early European settlers. "Australia". Most islands in the Pacific are high islands (volcanic islands), such as, Easter Island, American Samoa and Fiji, among others, having peaks up to 1300 m rising abruptly from the shore. Some of the more well known and distinctive bird species in New Zealand are the kiwi, kea, takah, kakapo, mohua, t, and the bellbird. "[73] The Pacific Islands Forum expanded during the early 2010s, and areas that were already included in the UN definition of Oceania, such as French Polynesia, gained membership. As an island archipelago New Zealand accumulated bird diversity and when Captain James Cook arrived in the 1770s he noted that the bird song was deafening. [414] The New Zealand recording industry began to develop from 1940 onwards and many New Zealand musicians have obtained success in Britain and the United States. Many of them have become true symbols of the continent. [70][71] The CIA World Factbook also categorizes Oceania as one of the major continental divisions of the world, but the name "Australia and Oceania" is used. [408], The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles, ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop. [337], Between 2001 and 2007 Australia's Pacific Solution policy transferred asylum seekers to several Pacific nations, including the Nauru detention centre. The Australia-New Zealand continental fragment of Gondwana split from the rest of Gondwana in the late Cretaceous time (9590 Ma). Oceanian International Area subsection dedicated to genetics and anthropological discussions pertaining to the following countries or islands: Hawaii, Tuvalu, Walls and Futuna, Tokelau, Samoa, American Samoa, Cook Islands, Niue, French Polynesia, Pitcairn Islands, Easter Island "[24], The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania (2018) defined Oceania as only covering Austronesian-speaking islands in Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia, with this definition including New Guinea and New Zealand. [420] Distinctive ingredients or dishes include lamb; salmon; koura (crayfish);[421] whitebait; shellfish including dredge oysters, paua, mussels, scallops, pipi and tuatua;[422] kumara (sweet potato); kiwifruit; tamarillo; and pavlova (considered a national dish).[423][419]. Less isolated oceanic islands that were once uninhabited, such as the Bonin Islands, the Galpagos Islands and the Juan Fernndez Islands, have since been sparsely populated by citizens of their political administrators. attiarndt/Getty Images Area: 178,703 square miles (462,840 sq km) Oceania thus has the most to lose, culturally speaking, from the pressures of global political and economic change. The mix includes species with unusual biology such as the kkp which is the world's only flightless, nocturnal, lek-breeding parrot, but also many species that are similar to neighboring land areas. Beneath the global level, there are of course big differences between different world regions and countries. A minority percentage of the population practices traditional religions. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [125][124] Hainan, which neighbors Taiwan, also has Austronesian ethnolinguistic origins, although it was not included in the book. [416] The country's diverse scenery and compact size, plus government incentives,[417] have encouraged some producers to film big budget movies in New Zealand, including Avatar, The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, The Chronicles of Narnia, King Kong and The Last Samurai. Steadman viewed Oceania as encompassing Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia (including Easter Island and Hawaii). By 75 Ma, Zealandia was essentially separate from Australia and Antarctica, although only shallow seas might have separated Zealandia and Australia in the north. Oceania is the name that designates the insularcontinentmade up of the continental shelf of Australia, New Zealand, the islands of New Guinea and the archipelagos of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. [283] Snow falls frequently on the highlands near the east coast, in the states of Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and in the Australian Capital Territory. 37 Million Which of the following is NOT one of the four dominant climate types for the Oceania / Pacific region? The human group that inhabits the continentis extremely varied in its customs and cultures, exhibiting an interesting diversity despite its very low population density rate. Chai, Makana Risser. [170][171][172][173][174] Both were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans during the 17th century. Tongan, English. [230][231], Micronesia, which lies north of the equator and west of the International Date Line, includes the Mariana Islands in the northwest, the Caroline Islands in the center, the Marshall Islands to the west and the islands of Kiribati in the southeast. [385] The New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of the King and the House of Representatives. [158][159] Through immigration and high Mori birth rates, New Zealand has attained the largest population of Polynesians in the world,[160] while Australia has the third largest Polynesian population (consisting entirely of immigrants). What Is The Population Of Oceania? [397] Other cultural influences come from neighbouring Asian countries, and through large-scale immigration from non-English-speaking nations. [197] The prehistories of many Micronesian islands such as Yap are not known very well. Islands in Indonesia's North Maluku and North Sulawesi regions are considered to border the open Pacific Ocean, with the rest of the Indonesian islands being located in marginal seas of the Pacific, or the Indian Ocean. Hong Kong, partly located in another marginal sea of the Pacific (the South China Sea) was also included in his definition. This is an increase of 1.56 % (683,190 people) compared to population of 43,733,573 the year before. The country has one of the most globalised economies and depends greatly on international trade mainly with Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Japan, Singapore, South Korea and the United States. By their definition, Near Oceania consists of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands, with the exception of Santa Cruz Islands. This is a list of the populations of the sovereign states and dependent territories in the geopolitical region of Oceania. Chapter 15 - The Americas and Oceania, 1000 to 1500 Outline. In Kiribati, a Parliamentary regime, the President of Kiribati is the head of state and government, and of a multi-party system. [101] The U.S. Government Publishing Office's Area Handbook for Oceania from 1971 states that Australia and New Zealand are the principal large sovereignties of the area. [18][19][7] The broadest definition of Oceania encompasses the many islands between mainland Asia and the Americas;[6][20][21] The island nation of Australia is the only piece of land in the area which is large enough to typically be considered a continent. iii. We do not have any contact with official entities nor do we intend to replace the information that they emit. Oceania has traditionally been divided into four parts: Australasia ( Australia and New Zealand ), Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. The term, in its widest sense, embraces the entire insular region between Asia and the Americas. [91] British physician and ethnologist James Cowles Prichard claimed in 1847 that the Aleutian Islands and the Kuril Islands form "the northern boundary of this fifth region of the world, and with the coasts of Asia and America completing its literal termination." [213], On 23 April 1770, British explorer James Cook made his first recorded direct observation of Aboriginal Australians at Brush Island near Bawley Point. It is located within a marginal sea of the Pacific (the Sea of Okhotsk), unlike the rest of the Japanese archipelago and the neighboring Kuril Islands, which border the open Pacific Ocean. [372], In 2003 alone, according to state government data, there were over 6.4 million visitors to the Hawaiian Islands with expenditures of over $10.6 billion. [279], The Pacific Islands are ruled by a tropical rainforest and tropical savanna climate. [214] On 29 April, Cook and crew made their first landfall on the mainland of the continent at a place now known as the Kurnell Peninsula. For example, in the Solomon Islands, English is the official language, but only 1-2% of the population can speak it fluently the majority speak an English creole, Solomons Pijin. The Kermadec Islands, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island are also considered to be subtropical islands. [76][77] American lexicographer Joseph Emerson Worcester wrote in 1840 that Oceania is "a term applied to a vast number of islands which are widely dispersed in the Pacific Ocean [] they are considered as forming a fifth grand division of the world." [354][355], New Zealand has a large GDP for its population of 5.2 million, and sources of revenue are spread throughout the large island nation. [397][398] The Story of the Kelly Gang (1906), the world's first feature length film, spurred a boom in Australian cinema during the silent film era. [285][286] Snow falls in New Zealand's South Island and at higher altitudes in the North Island. Among these are Bougainville, Hawaii, and Solomon Islands. The overwhelming majority of people living in the Pacific islands work in the service industry which includes tourism, education and financial services. [367], Tourism in Australia is an important component of the Australian economy. Judaism, Sikhism and Jainism are also present. [38] The Oxford Handbook of World History (2011) describes the areas encompassed in Oceania as being "afterthoughts in world history texts, lumped together and included at the end of global surveys as areas largely marginal to the main events of world history". There are a considerable number of Pacific Islands outside the tropics. [58] They are designed to dispel the outdated categories of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia; Near Oceania cuts right across the old category of Melanesia, which has shown to be not a pertinent category in respect to the geography, archeology, culture, language and human history of the region. Conditions vary from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and subtropical in Northland. Australian forces attacked German New Guinea in September 1914. [12] Puncak Jaya in Highland Papua, Indonesia, is the highest peak in Oceania at 4,884m (16,024ft). Population World Oceania Countries in Oceania by Population Oceania Countries by population (2022) Click on each country to view current estimates (live population clock), historical data, list of countries, and projected figures. 4.9 million), Brisbane (pop. It further states, "In its broadest definition Oceania embraces all islands and island groups of the Pacific Ocean that lie between Asia and the two American continents. With a population of about 32 million, Oceania is a predominantly urban region. The Indonesia subdivision consisted of the islands of the Malay archipelago, while the non-tropical islands were categorized as being North Pacific islands such as Alaska's Kodiak archipelago, the Aleutian Islands, Japan, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. South Island is dominated by the Southern Alps. CSIRO Publishing. It notes that, "the term [has] also come under scrutiny by many geographers. The Refaluwasch or Carolinian people came to the Marianas in the 1800s from the Caroline Islands. 1.4 million); except Auckland, all cities are located in Australia. Endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, Fiji is one of the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though it remains a developing country with a large subsistence agriculture sector. [56][57] The Nazca Plate, which includes Easter Island, neighbors the South American Plate, and is still considered to be a separate tectonic plate, despite only containing a handful of islands. "[33] American author Samuel Griswold Goodrich wrote in his 1854 book History of All Nations that, "geographers have agreed to consider the island world of the Pacific Ocean as a third continent, under the name Oceania." [463] Australia (and New Zealand) were among the small handful of non-communist countries who decided to participate at Moscow 1980. [148][149] From the early 20th century to 2007, the island was administratively part of French Polynesia, which itself was known as French Oceania up until 1957. The countries and territories in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations. Australia itself has a population of approximately 25.7 million, while New Zealand's population is close to 4.85 million. "[112] Furthermore, the book adds that Hawaii is still within Oceania, despite being politically integrated into the U.S., and that the Pacific Ocean "gives unity to the whole" since "all these varied lands emerge from or border upon the Pacific. Population of Asia (0.83%), South America (0.81%) and North America (0.76%) are increasing with almost similar rate. The Population of Oceania (1950 - 2019) chart plots the total population count as of July 1 of each year, from 1950 to 2019. "[90] Regarding Australia and the Pacific, Chambers's New Handy Volume American Encyclopdia observed in 1885 that, "the whole region has sometimes been called Oceania, and sometimes Australasiagenerally, however, in modern times, to the exclusion of the islands in the [Malay] archipelago, to which certain writers have given the name of Malesia. New Caledonia sends two representatives to the French National Assembly and two senators to the French Senate. ", "Melanesian and Asian origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y chromosome gradients across the Pacific", "Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome", Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, "Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770", "History of French Polynesia, 1797 to 1889", "Chapter V Affairs in the Western Pacific", "Shoichi Yokoi, 82, Is Dead; Japan Soldier Hid 27 Years", "Parks and Reserves Australia's National Landscapes", "Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103734840A157467789.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22712695A94343459.en, 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22703868A118657750.en, "The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species", Invasive Species: Animals Brown Tree Snake, "Parrots of Oceania a comparative study of extinction risk", "ENSO: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory Hurricane Research Division, "Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season? Around 1200, Tahitian explorers discovered and began settling the area. [211] Abel Tasman circumnavigated and landed on parts of the Australian continental coast and discovered Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), New Zealand in 1642, and Fiji. World Population: Total World Population as of July 1 of the year indicated. Further excluded are East Timor and Indonesian New Guinea/Western New Guinea, areas which are biogeographically or geologically associated with the Australian landmass. [130][131][132] He did not include the volcanic Kuril Islands and Ryukyu Islands, which similarly border both the Eurasian Plate and the Pacific Plate,[133][134] nor did he include the neighboring Kodiak archipelago in the North Pacific Ocean, which is firmly situated on the North American Plate. [84], American geographer Jesse Olney's 1845 book A Practical System of Modern Geography stated that it "comprises the numerous isles of the Pacific, lying south east of Asia." The state's food exports include coffee, macadamia nuts, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey. [24] Before Europeans arrived in the area, the sea shielded Australia and south central Pacific islands from cultural influences that spread through large continental landmasses and adjacent islands. [152][153] Scottish author Robert Hope Moncrieff considered Clipperton to be the easternmost point of Oceania in 1907, while Ian Todd also included it in his definition of Oceania in Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama. World urban population. [15], The arrival of European settlers in subsequent centuries resulted in a significant alteration in the social and political landscape of Oceania. This is a growth of 150.0 percent in 61 years. Oceania's population tops around 45 million people and spans over 8,525,929 square kilometers. [184][183], Indigenous Australians are the original inhabitants of the Australian continent and nearby islands who migrated from Africa to Asia c. 70,000 years ago[185] and arrived in Australia c. 50,000 years ago. [182][183], The Bonin Islands are in the same biogeographical realm as the geographically adjacent Micronesia, and are often grouped in with the subregion because of this. [338], Archaeology, linguistics, and existing genetic studies indicate that Oceania was settled by two major waves of migration. [234], Polynesia, stretching from Hawaii in the north to New Zealand in the south, also encompasses Tuvalu, Tokelau, Samoa, Tonga, and the Kermadec Islands to the west, the Cook Islands, Society Islands and Austral Islands in the center, and the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotus, Mangareva Islands, and Easter Island to the east. Mr. Darwin has, for instance, adducted them as an illustration of the fact that such islands are inhabited by plants and animals closely allied to those of the nearest mainland, without actually being the same. This, with a great number of small islands in the neighbourhood, is regarded as forming a fourth continent known as Oceania.[35] Other studies from the early twentieth Century also described Oceania as a continent. [13], The first settlers of Australia, New Guinea, and the large islands just to the east arrived more than 60,000 years ago. There are 18 peaks of more than 3000 metres (9800ft) in the South Island. It covers an area of about 3,291,903 sq.mi and accommodates a population of 40 million. With regards to Papuan influence, autochthonous haplogroups support the hypothesis of a long history in Near Oceania, with some lineages suggesting a time depth of 60 thousand years. The book observed that a native Polynesian language was still understood on Easter Island, unlike with the other islands, which were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans and mostly being used as prisons for convicts. However, he wrote that these islands "are not usually reckoned as belonging to it, because they are known to be inhabited by races of people who came immediately from the adjacent continents and are unconnected with those tribes of the human race who peopled the remote islands of this great ocean." At around the same time, art began to appear in New Guinea, including the earliest examples of sculpture in Oceania. The use and scope of this term varies. Tyler additionally profiled the Anson archipelago, which during the 19th century was a designation for a widely scattered group of purported islands in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean between Japan and Hawaii. "[114], In her 1997 book Australia and Oceania, Australian historian Kate Darian-Smith defined the area as covering Australia, New Zealand and the islands of the Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. [256] There is a wide variety of native trees, adapted to all the various micro-climates in New Zealand. [369] Popular Australian destinations include the Sydney Harbour (Sydney Opera House, Sydney Harbour Bridge, Royal Botanic Garden, etc. Chart and table of Australia population from 1950 to 2023. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield. The poverty line is defined by people living on less than 50% of the median income. [429][430] These rock paintings served several functions. [64] Todd further included the Aleutian Islands in his definition of Oceania. It is thought that by roughly 1400 BCE,[203] "Lapita Peoples", so-named after their pottery tradition, appeared in the Bismarck Archipelago of north-west Melanesia. [89], The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society stated in 1892 that Australia was a large island within Oceania rather than a small continent. The current population of Australia in 2023 is 26,439,111, a 1% increase from 2022. In Samoan politics, the Prime Minister of Samoa is the head of government. The Global Religious Landscape [415] Some artists release Mori language songs and the Mori tradition-based art of kapa haka (song and dance) has made a resurgence. Major Physiographic Features of Oceania [371] Milford Sound in South Island is acclaimed as New Zealand's most famous tourist destination. Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwoole, famous for his medley of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World", was named "The Voice of Hawaii" by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series. By 2000 about 12 million islanders lived in Oceania (excluding Australia), and many indigenous cultures were revolutionized by intensive contact with non-Oceanic groups who had intruded from various parts of the Western world. [178][179], Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia, was inhabited in prehistoric times by either Melanesians or Polynesians, and is geographically adjacent to the islands of Melanesia. "[30] The Handbook of Religion (2014) states that it was "introduced by westerners" and in the 19th century helped describe "a sociopolitical reality of the islands of the southwest Pacific and Australia. [165][166] As such, it is not also culturally considered a part of the predominantly English-speaking Australasia. [123] Additionally, the book includes Taiwan and the entire Malay archipelago as part of Oceania. 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