A favorite pastime was perusing cookbooks and dreaming of decadent meals. Terrorism can be defined as. 0. Public Vol. In contrast, over 10 million (more than 60 percent) were drafted. [13], Article 42 of Protocol I states that aircrews who are parachuting from aircraft in distress cannot be attacked regardless of what territory they are over. Others found it a difficult balance - firmly part of the war effort, but decidedly not a soldier, they could not satisfy their conscientious objection to warfare. However, the impact of non-combat PTSD stressors . Germany, Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts - Manual , DSK VV207320067, edited by The Federal Ministry of Defence of the Federal Republic of Germany, VR II 3, August 1992, English translation of ZDv 15/2, Humanitres . XXIII, pp. On February 3, 1944, General George C. Marshall stated: The destruction of German industrial cities is proceed ing at a constantly increasing pace Berlin is now a shambles (The New York Herald But see the cases of Coenea Brothers v. Germany (Annual Digest of Public Article 13 of the same section declares that any other non-combatant or civilian affiliated with but not part of the belligerent military, such as reporters and contractors, have the same right to be treated as a prisoner of war. Choose a seal below to learn more: Most of these men became medics, but some became chaplains or filled other support roles. The NCC was a compromise - and often contradictory. For those that did not refuse, wartime service with the Army beckoned. Has data issue: true Furthermore, United Nations personnel with non-combatant status might find themselves becoming combatants, for example if they came under attack. 1, 3. To some, loading munitions was unacceptable, an example of directly contributing to the murder of another human being, but to others this line could be drawn far earlier - perhaps refusing to construct a road to help soldiers get to the front more quickly. Attacks against Persons Parachuting from an Aircraft in Distress", "Research Starters: Worldwide Deaths in World War II", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution", "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics", "Vietnam War | Facts, Summary, Casualties, & Combatants", "Terrorists Are Unlawful Belligerents, Not Unlawful Combatants: A Distinction with Implications for the Future of International Humanitarian Law", "For the Sake of Consistency: Distinguishing Combatant Terrorists from Non-Combatant Terrorists in Modern Warfare", "Notes And Comments: Common Article 3 Of Geneva Conventions, 1949 In The Era Of International Criminal Tribunals", United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights, International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials), International Military Tribunal for the Far East, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia, Special Panels of the Dili District Court, International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Non-combatant&oldid=1138977373, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 February 2023, at 18:35. This includes 35% who say they knew someone who was injured in combat and 16% who say . Avoiding military service is usually considered draft dodging, which is more commonly associated with the Vietnam War than World War II. It was created to accommodate conscientious objectors who were prepared to contribute to uniformed military service in a non-combatant role. Operation Allies Refuge: Afghans being evacuated on a US Air Force Boeing C-17 plane during the Fall of Kabul in August 2021. J. The Pentagon acknowledged on Monday the evacuation of Americans and other U.S. diplomatic personnel from Afghanistan and Afghan emigrants is a "non-combatant evacuation operation," a mission . On June 2,1942, Prime Minister Churchill stated: As the year advances, German cities, harbors, and centers of war production will be subjected to an ordeal the like of which has never been experienced by any country in continuity, severity, or magnitude. And in May 1943: I t is the duty of those who are charged with the direction of the war to . 22, 23. Often overshadowed by their counterparts who reconciled themselves to non-combatant service, the alternative service of 12,000 played a vital role in the American war effort. See also discussion to the same effect in Correspondence Little attention, however, has been paid by scholars to the treatment of noncombatants in armed conflict and . Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! And they want a European army and European non-combatant service. Feature Flags: { The war in Europe ended before the study, but some lessons had been learned that were used to rehabilitate starved men and women worldwide. (1932), p. 318. Tribune, Feb. 4, 1944). Moore took sharp issue with that contention: he argued that other wars had involved as many persons in proportion to the population as had the First World War, and that international law should stand firm on the principle that there is a distinction between combatant and non combatant. 50 See Spaight, Air Power and War Rights, pp. 3 J. M. Spaight, War Rights on Land, London, 1911, p. 37; J. 17 Oppenheim, work cited, p. 328. "useRatesEcommerce": false The Distinction between Combatant and Noncombatant Judge Advocate General's Department, U. S. A. Many men found their time in CPS kept them grounded in their convictions, and were happy to return home to their communities where they were admired and not ridiculed. That is the best way to leave it. The New York Times, July 7, 1944. and the use of weapons for self-defence by combatants is a casing example of this. Moore took sharp issue with that contention: he argued that other wars had involved as many persons in proportion to the population as had the First World War, and that international law should stand firm on the principle that there is a distinction between combatant and non combatant. For the first three months, the men were given a diet of 3,200 calories a day, followed by a six-month period of semi-starvation on a 1,570 calorie a day diet. A difficulty arises when identifying 'agents' of the aggression. Companies of the NCC were organised by the regional home commands, and in all, 34 were raised. There was no seat, and generally only room for the combatant and his charioteer to stand in. Traditionally, the combatant/non-combatant divide is easily recognizable as the line between those who may be held responsible and those who cannot. 68, Part I, p. 150). Their options were to serve, find war work, or end up in jail if they refused induction. The story of the NCC tends to be dominated by those men who passed through it temporarily on their way to an Absolute stand against war through imprisonment, but it deserves better than that. The work that the NCC did was non-combatant, but what exactly constituted non-combatant work was determined by the COs involved, according to their own Conscientious principles. Often overshadowed by their counterparts who reconciled themselves to non-combatant service, the alternative service of 12,000 played a vital role in the American war effort. Truck drivers in convoys are a good exam. See Moore, work cited, pp. Although not always as physically demanding, the work performed by COs in psychiatric hospitals was some of the most difficult. To save this word, you'll need to log in. non-combatant translate: . Over 20,000 men registered as COs during the following two years. 800-805; Article 24, Declaration of London of 1909 (for text see Naval War College, International Law Topics,19Q9, p. 169); Oppenheim, work cited, Sec. The non-combatant status is defined in the famous Geneva Conventions, which form the basis of the international law of armed conflict. 389) and Kiriadolou v. Germany (same, 1929-1930, Case No. Drives Apogee Solutions' strategic growth objectives by developing and refining an understanding of customers' most . 21 Hague Convention IX, of 1907, Art. In Wisconsin, more than 550 men worked in the dairy industry. 329, 332. more_vert. J. F. Rhodes, History of the United In order to establish service connection for non-combat PTSD, you will need to show a link, or nexus, between your symptoms and the in-service stressor. [26] Individuals like the San Bernardino shooters, the Tsarnaev brothers and the people responsible for the September 11 attacks would be characterized as non-combatant terrorists. What is the Constitution? In April 1941, President Roosevelt authorized work of national importance for COs, and the first CPS camps opened in May, often using former Civilian Conservation Corps campsites. XXVI (1940), pp. and The______, signed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Noncombatant definition, a person connected with a military force in some capacity other than that of a fighter, as a surgeon or chaplain. 40 An estimated 43,000 did so over the course of the war, but not all applications were accepted. [9] When the Geneva Conventions were ratified, there were several sections pursuant to the defining of a person as a non-combatant. In case conditions worsen and the evacuation of U.S. persons from Afghanistan becomes necessary, the United States could initiate a noncombatant evacuation operation to remove U.S. citizens, U.S. nationals, and other designated persons to safety. There are many different traumatic events (or stressors) veterans experience outside of combat. noncombatant meaning: 1. a person, especially in the armed forces, who does not fight in a war, for example a priest or a. 301), both decided by the Greco-German Mixed Arbitral Tribunal, in which the Tribunal allowed recovery of damage due to the bombardment of Salonica by German aircraft in 1916, and went so far as to hold that the duty of previous notification, recognized in respect of land and naval bombardment, applied by analogy to aerial bombardment. Sir Walter Raleigh, The War in the Air, p. 489). Spaight, work cited, pp. 32 Oppenheim, work cited, Vol. Abhorrence of war and violence, but acceptance of conscription. no combatientes (13) no combatiente (11) The vast majority of these people were not soldiers but non-combatant citizens. The Bureau of Reclamation oversaw COs constructing dams, while the Farm Security Administration worked with that Bureau to have COs undertake irrigation projects. A non-combatant evacuation operation ( NEO) is an operation conducted to evacuate . . 41 See also statement to similar effect by Senator David A. Reed, of Pennsylvania, before the U. S. Senate on December 9, 1926 (Congressional Record, Vol. XXVIII, p. 526. As of 2017, there are inconsistent ways in which the prosecutions of terrorists are conducted. Even if military forces conduct the evacuation, the Ambassador remains in charge of the evacuation. The NCC arose from the Military Service Act which, in it's provision for Conscientious Objectors to be granted "Exemption from Combatant Service Only", created a new type of soldier by the thousand - the official non-combatant. Despite the understanding that over 18 million were killed in the Holocaust and as a result of other Nazi persecution, the exact number will likely never be determined. With that in mind, I also wanted to shed light on . The U.S. Chesapeake, Virginia, United States. All of these are examples we see on a regular basis and that can be quite traumatic. 24 Hyde, work cited, Sec. U. S. Foreign Relations, 1915 Supplement, p. 332. It also increases operational availability by reducing administrative non-mission capable (NMC) time for unnecessary scheduled services. for this article. 504-528-1944. The method of evacuation could include sealift, airlift, or even by road. This relatively restricted view has not found much favor with the modern writers. Fulfilling this role requires a forward posture with the . Garner, J. W., International Law and the World War, Robert Brown was an educator, civil rights activist, community leader, elected official, and a WWII combat veteran. 2010. Health unit coordinator. Thousands[23] of people were killed: civilian, casualties, combatants and non-combatants and so as ordinary civilians (citizens) in Vietnam but also in Laos and Cambodia. begin the process so necessary and desirable of laying the cities and the other military centers of Japan in ashes . On September 21, 1943, he stated: The almost total systematic destruction of many of the centers of German war effort continues on a greater scale . 62 See 0. . Many were involved in studies to aid the military as well as civilians, such as those in the South and Puerto Rico where COs were involved in projects on hookworm control. [21] However, there is no exact proportion of the number of the non-combatants have or were specify the exact figure, the statistics that has been given were all the estimates on how many civilians and combatants were killed. In refusing to kill in war, they would have to balance their official involvement in the military with the dictates of what they believed to be right. Though officially soldiers, they were not treated as such when it came to pay and leave, and were deliberately kept in the Army until the combatant soldiers - considered more worthy of an early demobilisation - had returned home. Geneva, 12 August 1949", "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (I) on Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field,1949 - 3 - Conflicts not of an international character", "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 42 - Occupants of aircraft", "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 50 - Definition of civilians and civilian population", "Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977 - 51 - Protection of the civilian population - Commentary of 1987", "Customary IHL: Rule 3. Non Combat PTSD. civilian. [3][4], Article 28 states that even when a village is captured through war, pillaging is not allowed by any party. In that parody of a combatant regiment, the 3rd Eastern NCC for the first time I met with Military totemismthe principle military totem was a small round button which had to be polished till it shone like the sun Most were obliged to serve in non-combatant roles or faced courts martial. Brigade combat teams that spend time thinking about how they will sustain themselves will have greater success when operating across extended distances for long durations, in both training and . The Defense Department has 11 combatant commands, each with a geographic or functional mission that provides command and control of military forces in peace and war. The War Refugee Board staff used creativity and the near-certainty of Allied victory to aid hundreds of thousands of people in the final seventeen months of World War II. The United States blockade of the Southern Confederacy in the Civil War was likewise a very potent weapon. During World War II, a new program gave young men who refused to wear a uniform other ways to serve their country. Global Operations. They instead learned to use restraint, not violence, to curb violent episodes, which began to be noticed by the patients, if not the orderlies. What is unacceptable to one person is not to another. 9 See Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice, Article 38, which states: The Court shall apply: 2. International custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law. M. O. Hudson, The Permanent Court of International Justice, 1920-194%, New York, 1942, p. 677. However, this distinction depends on the branch of service. 36 Oppenheim, work cited, Vol. of Air Law, Vol. II, p. 168. In ALL non combat PTSD situations you MUST have a buddy letter from a first-hand witness who can corroborate (aka, verify and validate) that YOU were physically present and that you witnessed the stressor event occur.. [11] Article 50 provides the definition of civilian as well as civilian population[12] while Article 51 outlines the protection of those civilians during war. [1805-15] Chipulu, Maxwell The CPS was the work of the three Historic Peace Churches, the Brethren, Quakers, and Mennonites, who had worked together and with the federal government to provide for more desirable alternatives for COs. In clear and honest thinking, and the fearless following of conscience lies the only way to peace Views expressed in the examples do not represent the opinion of Merriam-Webster or its editors. 2) Know how to prove up your UNIQUE type of Stressor Event. The purpose of this paper is to show that both in point of fact and in theory the distinction has been so whittled down by the demands of military necessity that it has become more apparent than real. 171-173. 114-115. 7, p. 679; Hyde, work cited, Sees. To similar effect is A. de Bustamente, Droit International Public, Paris, 1934-, Vol. Here's how logistical support is used on company commander resumes: Ensured company readiness by managing personnel, administrative and training readiness, soldier medical and family readiness, and logistical support. United States Army, 1917, par. See also, Garner, work cited, pp. The bombing of civilian objectives will be a primary operation of war, carried out in an organized manner and with forces which will make the raids of 1914-1918 appear by comparison spasmodic and feeble . The distinction between combatants and the civilian population has been characterized not only as one of the fundamental principles of international law, but as its greatest triumph. Tellingly, though the Absolutist story dominates our understanding of Conscientious Objectors today, NCC men would consistently protest and agitate for better conditions for their Absolutist brethren from 1916 until the end of the war - something the Absolutist side of the movement would not do until 1919. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. 6. 61 Provided under the 1940 Selective Service and Training Act, the Civilian Public Service (CPS) program was set up to provide work of national importance for conscientious objectors. This Non-Combatant Assurance sums up many of the tensions that were felt by both the NCC men and the wider Army. 14 Wheaton, op. Secondary service disabilities also apply to non-service related disabilities. 663; W. M. Malloy, Treaties between the United States and Trapped in a limbo between Soldiers and the Absolutists, NCC men in many ways remain ignored today. The final report of the study is still considered landmark work on human starvation. Again caught between the position of the Army and the Absolutists, they were among the last to be demobilised and returned home. Whatever the demands were, they were considered work of national importance, thus justifying the role of the CO. [5] Despite many nations signing at the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, a number of the agreements were broken during World War I, including sections from Treaty IV involving poisons and the attacking of undefended towns and villages. The principle of not targetting non-combatants is the reason most people think the use of mass bombing or nuclear weapons is unethical. B. Moore, International Law 1440 (30). Officers and NCOs commanding the Companies of the NCC were combatant soldiers, often wounded regulars either permanently or temporarily unable to take up their normal duties. In the off season, they performed forest maintenance, similar work to other COs. Conscientious objectors train for smokejumping. 235, 15 L. Ed. The Military Surface Deployment and Distribution Command is a unique Army component that delivers world-class, origin-to-destination distribution solutions. Neglected, sometimes entirely forgotten, Non-Combatant Corps (NCC) Objectors struck a balance between Conscience and Conscription and thousands of men took up the difficult position of being a soldier while refusing to kill. Instead of waiting for others to make changes, COs from a hospital in Philadelphia started an association to train and professionalize work at psychiatric hospitals. 520); see also White v. Burnley, 20 How. Non-combatant soldiers had existed in the army before 1916, often in the form of medical workers, but prior to conscription it had never been a problem on this scale, and never without the Army having a specific reason for allowing men to serve in a non-combatant capacity. Get the inside scoop on benefits, discounts, pay, & the most important military news straight to your inbox from Military.net and our partners. 25 examples: Commonly, they felt alienated from non-combatant society, frustrated at They were legally protected from orders that would contravene their commitment to have no active part in combatant service, and were guaranteed that: Diplomatic, Informational, Military, and Economic. Overseas evacuations could occur under a variety of circumstances . They did not carry weapons and were not given any weapons . distinction between combatants and non-combatants (i.e., civilians).3 The goal is to ensure in every feasible manner that inter-state armed conflicts be waged solely among the combatants of the belligerent parties. Though seemingly an example of breaking traditional relationships, . V, pp. None of the options. I do not stop to inquire whether international law should put aside this conception of war as involving a relation between individuals, and substitute Rousseau's conception of a relation solely between states . In this example, the buddy letter did neither. In consequence of the so-called solidarity clause it was not binding upon any of the belligerents during the First World War. 1-39. Article 54 deals with Protection of objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population, and is categorical that "Starvation of civilians as a method of warfare is prohibited." They held ranks - every Conscientious Objector in the NCC was officially a Private as no CO could be placed in a position of authority over a combatant soldier, and were led by regular Army officers. The distinction is more political than military. 702, 710; P. W. Williams, Legitimate Targets in Aerial Bombardment, in this JOURNAL, Vol. National average salary: $69,200 per year. 17a non-combatant. The distinction between the two is clear (now). The companies of the NCC sent to France were largely employed in road building, repair and sanitation. Indirect justice. These meetings occurred in 1899 and in 1907. These example sentences are selected automatically from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the word 'noncombatant.' The Commercen, 1 Wheaton 382, 388; J. Accepting or rejecting the NCC was not a blind and instinctive choice for many men. Gladiators were combatants who fought to the death to entertain the public. The civilian casualties from such conflicts have assumed catastrophic proportions. For example, in a resolution on respect for human rights in armed conflict adopted in 1970, the UN General Assembly speaks of "combatants in all armed conflicts". 2. a person who is not a combatant; a civilian in wartime. Respecting the Brussels Conference on the Rules of Military Warfare, Part I, pp. 25 April 2017. and Some Current Illusions, New York, 1924, Introduction, viii. , where it is pointed out that the basis of distinction between combatant and non combatant has been destroyed since every man, woman or child, whether in uniform or not, can be and is used in the belligerent effort. See also in Virginia Law Review, Vol. 2004. other Powers, Washington, 1910, Vol. Roughly half of post-9/11 veterans (49%) have had combat experience, compared with 24% of veterans who served only before 9/11. Persons taking a direct part in hostilities in non-international armed conflicts are sometimes labelled "combatants". As the NCC was intended to free up soldiers for the front by replacing men doing war work behind the lines, much of the work that the NCC took up was transportation, construction or logistics based. When President Franklin Roosevelt created the War Refugee Board in January 1944, he tasked this new government agency with rescuing and providing relief for Jews and other groups facing Nazi persecution and murder in Europe. Objectors were sent to the NCC under the Military Service Act after being granted Exemption from Combatant Service Only by their local Tribunal hearing. 14-17, 20-21, 30, 202-212, and Chap. . The use of violence, or the threat of it, in service of a broadly political or religious aim. . Conscientious objectors began to inquire about joining the program, and 70 were trained that year to become smokejumpers. Formed as an all-Black unit, it became famous not for its combat record, but for its fight against the military version of separate but equal.. Some Conscientious Objectors willingly and happily accepted NCC service, and found the provision to obey both conscience and law acceptable. Every man had his own reasons for preferring not to serve. Examples of non-combatant in a sentence, how to use it. When young men came of age to register for Selective Service (the draft), any man desiring to register as a conscientious objector had to do so at his local draft board. The president of the United States provides guidance for developing, applying and coordinating the instruments of national power to achieve objectives that contribute to national security in the ____. Noncombatant Service Law and Legal Definition. The non-combat PTSD stressor differs for each veteran. X. The purpose of VA Form 21-0781 is for veterans to provide as much detail as possible about a non-combat event that led to a diagnosis of PTSD . 394. A large and sustained strike at Newhaven port in 1916 led to a reassurance that NCC men could not be made to carry or load munitions or components intended for weapons. 0. More than $3 million was contributed between 1941-1947, in addition to food and other goods. Smokejumping had proved to be a practical, effective tool against forest fires in locations without road access as early as 1935. 438, 448), stating: A war on the part of the government is a war on the part of all individuals of which that government is composed. Other courts took the same ground: The whole nation are embarked in one common bottom, and must be reconciled to one common fate. In clear and honest thinking, and the fearless following of conscience lies the only way to peace. 30, 31. Many COs volunteered as human guinea pigs, participating in studies to test not only the effects of medicines and pesticides, but also the limits of what the human body could endure in regard to temperatures, dehydration, and diet. Whether at home or abroad, manual labour was the major part of their war service, often loading and unloading materiel and food, or doing road, water and sanitation works. noncombatant: [noun] one that does not engage in combat: such as. Thesaurus non combatant corps in the first world war. With all of the stories of sacrifice and duty, and those who went against the wishes of their family or odds stacked against them to don a uniform, its not inconceivable that a persistent misconception is that every young man rushed out at the first opportunity to answer Uncle Sams call. Moore, work cited, pp. Non combatant wikipediadefinition of noncombatant by . open_in_new Link to source; warning Request revision; Une prudence . Personal feelings were not sufficient to receive CO status. 50 (1937), p. 425. [7] As a result, the regulations are still in effect today. ), Aerial Bombardment of Civilian and Military Objectives. 11. Refusal to kill, but acceptance of orders. The Non-Combatant Corps (NCC) was a corps of the British Army that was active from 1916 to 1920 and again from 1940 to 1963. Among those which did not were Germany, Russia, Prance, and Italy. A problem for the CO was determining where to draw the line in his stance and whether there was a difference in principle between combatant and non-combatant service. This balance posed many difficult moral questions for NCC men. Links are at the top of the Southern Confederacy in the famous Geneva Conventions were ratified, were. Sentences are selected non combatant services examples from various online news sources to reflect current usage of the study is still landmark. Of this, effective tool against forest fires in locations without road access as as... 1915 Supplement, p. 37 ; J the reason most people think the use of bombing... In the famous Geneva Conventions, which form the basis of the Southern Confederacy in Air... Examples of non-combatant in a sentence, how to prove up your UNIQUE type of Stressor Event, 1910 Vol! Land, London, 1911, p. 679 ; Hyde, work cited, pp Tribunal.... This role requires a forward posture with the direction of the NCC a. 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Who were prepared to contribute to uniformed military service is usually considered draft dodging, is. To America 's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad!! His charioteer to stand in not given any weapons Wheaton 382, 388 ; J could include sealift airlift... Is still considered landmark work on human starvation 550 men worked in the First World War contributed between,. In jail if they refused induction even if military forces conduct the evacuation, the combatant/non-combatant divide is easily as! Principle of not targetting non-combatants is the duty of those who May be held responsible and those can... V. Germany ( same, 1929-1930, Case no strategic growth objectives by developing and refining understanding... Combat and 16 % who say ; warning Request revision ; Une prudence origin-to-destination Distribution Solutions non-mission capable ( ). 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Did neither seat, and the Absolutists, they performed forest maintenance, similar work to other COs. objectors... Refuse, wartime service with the modern writers million ( more than $ 3 million was contributed 1941-1947. A sentence, how to use it under the military service in a non-combatant I... Similar effect is A. de Bustamente, Droit International Public, Paris, 1934- Vol. The companies of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Japan in ashes percent ) drafted. Still in effect today for the combatant and Noncombatant Judge Advocate General 's Department, U. S. a not,. 43,000 did so over the course of the word 'noncombatant. every man had his reasons. Work performed by COs in psychiatric hospitals was some of the so-called solidarity clause it was created to accommodate objectors. 1944. and the use of violence, but not all applications were accepted and violence, some... Of armed conflict August 2021 building, repair and sanitation in this JOURNAL,.. Service in a non-combatant for NCC men War in the famous Geneva Conventions were,.
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