At the end of the quote put the period after the last word of the sentence followed by the . It is important to note that if you are using multiple sentences within your parentheses, each sentence must have its own closing punctuation mark (such as a question mark or exclamation point). Thus, a period goes inside if the entire sentence is in parentheses, but outside otherwise. . In the first example, the period goes outside because the single sentence ends after the parentheses. If you cite multiple sources by the same author(s) at the same point, you can just write the author name(s) once and separate the different years with commas, e.g., (Smith, 2020, 2021). How did Dominion legally obtain text messages from Fox News hosts? In American English, commas and periods should be placed within the quotation marks as long as they do not change the meaning of the . DO NOT use a period if a phrase or declarative sentence interrupts another sentence. Periods convey a definitive pause. When part of a sentence falls inside parentheses and part falls outside, the period goes outside. Dot and parenthesis at the end of line/sentence, how to deal? As an Amazon Associate, we also earn from qualifying purchases. What about the ending punctuation for the sentence in your second example? DO use a period if you contain a complete parenthetical sentence in parenthesis between two complete sentences. An entire sentence in parentheses is often acceptable without an enclosed period: Example: Please read the analysis (you'll be amazed). I want to receive exclusive email updates from YourDictionary. For people in the United States, periods and commas go inside the quotation marks. In some cases when a person doesnt want to disclose part of their name, a period can be used to show an initial. Put the period closing the citation outside of the closing parentheses. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. There should not be a space between the parentheses and the word inside the parentheses at the end of the sentence. When deciding where to place the period, always consider what will make the text easiest to read and understand. Parentheses, also called round brackets, help to set off additional, nonessential materials from a main sentence. I would expect your grammar book to say that terminal punctuation always goes inside the quotation marks (assuming "American-style" quoting, at least), but not to say the same of parentheses. Proper Punctuation - Quotes Is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks? Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox. important to remember that when you use parentheses for emphasis in writing, avoid long stretches of text within your parentheses since this can make your writing. Pay attention to how parentheses can add clarity, emphasis, and interesting information to your writing. When in doubt, remember that thepunctuation markhas to fall outside theparenthesesif a portion of the sentence is outside theparentheses. Need help with fixing full stops and other issuesin your sentences? When parenthetical content occurs in the middle of a larger sentence, the surrounding punctuation should be placed outside the parentheses, exactly as it would be if the parenthetical content were not there. If the information in the parentheses is a separate, complete sentence, the period at the end of the sentence goes inside the parentheses. If the description of the quote's speaker is placed after the quotation, a comma is always placed within the quotation marks. Advertisement Punctuation Junction: Periods and Parentheses When part of a sentence falls inside parentheses and part falls outside, the period goes outside. (She hadn't thought of him in years.) When this happens, the result is difficult-to-read sentences with too many interruptions. Its customary to leave a single space after a period before beginning a new sentence. (plural: ellipses) looks like three periods in a row with spaces in between them. It's trusted by millions of writers for a reason. I need you to (a) sit up, (b) pay attention, and (c) keep your mouth shut. a period before beginning a new sentence. These two approaches are incompatible. The bus was supposed to come at 3:00, so we waited and waited . When you use them, be sure to punctuate them correctly. Danielle McLeod is a highly qualified secondary English Language Arts Instructor who brings a diverse educational background to her classroom. Re-read your text to make sure youve used the correct punctuation and that it makes sense grammatically. Do commas go after question marks? mark in English that expresses the end of a sentence and sometimes abbreviations. If its not a complete sentence, dont use a period. Sarah is heading to the state finals in early June (after killing her competition in districts) to compete against the best of the best. Examples: Please read the examination. You also never add a comma right before parentheses or right after parentheses. "Could you hand me the large sword" Lily asked. If the material within the parentheses is part of a larger sentence, then it should not have its own period and instead should follow the punctuation used at the end of that sentence. :). Grammarly helps you write the way you intend, Adelina wanted to become a doctor after watching the anime. (See, Tectonic activity decreased in the region. (You'll be astonished.) I felt it was necessary to attend the school board meeting. Adelina wanted to become a doctor after watching the anime Cells at Work!. . There are two types of parentheticals: Weight of Authority: gives the precendential value of a cited case (only used for cases! This period goes inside the parenthesis. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. A period goes inside the parentheses when the parentheses contain a complete sentence that stands alone. You also must capitalize the first word after the beginning parenthesis because it is considered an entire sentence. Periods are one of three punctuation marks for the end of a sentence, along with question marks and exclamation points. , which can indicate that some words or entire sentences have been omitted (we explain more about ellipses below). Rules for using other punctuation along with quotation marks. Periods are one of three, punctuation marks for the end of a sentence, sentence, however. There are always more correct ways to write your sentences. Specifically, you only use a period to end declarative sentences (statements) or imperative sentences (commands). A period symbol is a punctuation mark that expresses the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. It also has unique uses in mathematics and computing, as the dot in dot com.. For example: Abbreviations for specific time periods often use periods, including abbreviated months (, Abbreviations for metric units of measures do not use a period (cm, kg). The handbook provides the following examples: There shouldnt be a time when you need to use two periods in a row, one inside the parentheses and one outside the parentheses. I don't have my reference works handy to validate, but I'll try to check on it later. If, however, you want to add emotion or extra emphasis to a statement or command, you would use an exclamation mark instead of a period. If you quote this article, you must link back to this page. *Place other punctuation inside quotation marks when that punctuation is part of what is being quoted, such as a quoted question. If youre not sure which rule to follow, its better not to use a period at all. If the entire sentence is contained within parentheses, the period goes inside. It might be helpful to take a look at a few examples to figure out how this rule might be applied. Parenthetical sentence in the middle of a sentence A complete parenthetical sentence in the middle of a sentence does not require a period. If spoken out loud, the speaker would use a neutral or calm voice, without excessive emotion. Dont use a period if the material inside the parentheses is not a complete sentence. Place the period (or full stop) depending on what you are punctuating: the text within or outside brackets. (This sentence is unclear; please consider rephrasing. Use a period inside parentheses if the material is a complete sentence. A period, also known as a full stop in British English, is a. mark that looks like a tiny circle or dot. (So it's all inside the marks.) Periods come at the end of declarative and imperative sentences. What is the period inside or outside parentheses Parentheses, like most punctuation marks, come in pairs. Youve got the period rules down good for you! Some writers use parentheses excessively, putting too much nonessential information in their sentences. This article was originally written by Grammarly in 2016. Communicate clearly I'd like to receive the free email course. 1. But if you changed the sentence to Im going (. To distinguish between sources with the same . Periods go inside parentheses just if a whole sentence is inside the enclosures. Another "hard and fast" rule for placing the period, if you may: For a complete sentence, leave the period within the parentheses; for a phrase or clause in a sentence, leave the period without. Periods like hanging out with full sentences. Do periods go inside or outside quotation marks? If parentheses enclose a whole sentence, place the period inside of the closing parenthesis. In this case, the period goes inside the parentheses. Just because programmers have a better sense of logic than English teachers, even when it comes to English. ), Anita studies marine mammals (like whales, dolphins, and seals.). In the second example, when a question or exclamation mark comes at the end of a sentence, theres no need for an additional ending punctuation after the quote marks. My little league baseball team (I still cannot believe they chose me as a coach!) . Leave feedback but kindly. So, our best advice is to keep an eye out for these particular punctuations (colons, semicolons, question marks, and parentheses). You just cant use both parentheses and commas for the same purpose. Lets meet for coffee. Notice that in the second sentence, the entirety of the sentence falls inside theparentheses. These two approaches are incompatible. The distinction is simple. This would not be correct. Periods are also sometimes used for initials when only the first letter of a word or name is present, such as in H. G. Wells. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. @JLG - Taken at face value, that can lead to double punctuation, which is generally considered undesirable (what if the parenthetical portion is a question?). You only include periods inside parentheses when the parenthetical expression is a full sentence and the sentence before it has already ended. The Civil War (1861-1965) was a long, bloody period in American History. It can be difficult to remember these rules, but with a bit of practice, you should be able to master them. Place quotation marks outside parentheses if they belong to the surrounding sentence. If parenthetically enclosed words end a . But she shook it off and continued down the hill. Because these are technically declarative sentences and not interrogative sentences (questions), they use a period instead of a question mark. . If the material inside the parentheses is a complete sentence (even if it is a fragment), use a period at the end. I'm so mad she said, "Honey, collate all these papers" (exclamation point) 2. Does the period go outside the parentheses? Brackets and Period (Full Stop) Placement Does the period (full stop) go inside or outside the closing bracket? If an entire sentence or group of sentences appears in parentheses, then put the period inside the closing parenthesis. Does punctuation go inside brackets? Ana completed her essay (it took much less time than she expected) and thus could go to the movies with her friends. If the period were placed inside theparentheses, this would be incorrect. You might want to use an automated grammar checker to help you figure out where thepunctuation markis supposed to go. In contrast, the period should fall outside theparenthesesif only apart of the sentenceis inside theparentheses. The parenthetical expression in sentence 4 is also a complete sentence, and it is correctly punctuated as such. Where does the punctuation go in parentheses? You can use commas instead of parentheses to set off additional information. If any portion of the sentence falls outside theparentheses, the end punctuation markhas to go outside as well. This is a rule with a lot of wiggle room. to name a few. (You'll be amazed.) Privacy Policy. The APA Style Guide (7th edition) provides clear guidelines on how to format citations. Generally, periods act to fully end a sentence with a punctual stop, whereas parentheses allows you to add tangents and notes into existing sentences. Youll notice that the American English example uses double quotation marks, whereas the British style uses single quotation marks. When punctuating with parentheses, it is important to understand and adhere to the specific rules that apply. The period should be outside the final parenthesis in your sentence because it ends the sentence, not the phrase inside the parentheses. In summary: If the parenthetical is part of a larger sentence, then the sentence housing the parenthetical takes care of the punctuationcommas, periods, and anything else will go outside the parentheses. ), Agreed. @Orbling: It's for reasons of typography. Parentheses are an excellent way to offset the main sentence's explanations, detail, and asides. I feel like getting out of town this weekend. What do you call a single quotation mark? Inside quotation marks. Learn more below. What Are Proper Nouns and How Do I Use Them? Incorrect: Students completed several psychology courses (social, personality, and clinical. Parenthesis can be used to help offset the dates, clarification, or a series of items in a list. Although this article focuses specifically on period placement, it is important to highlight where other punctuation marks belong. this one). The entire sentence should be in parentheses, however the portion that is, should contain a period outside of the parentheses. - Hellion Oct 28, 2016 at 15:12 2 Place a period outside parentheses if it belongs to the surrounding sentence. If you have questions regarding an order, please use the message button in your dashboard, The Difference Between Using A Period Inside Or Outside Parentheses, What is the Period Inside or Outside Parentheses, When to use the Period Inside or Outside Parentheses, How to Determine Whether to Use the Period Inside or Outside Parentheses, Guidelines for Using the Period Inside or Outside Parentheses, Tips for Mastering the Period Inside or Outside Parentheses, Understanding Why it is Important to Adhere to Specific Rules When Using the Period Inside and Outside Parentheses, Why it is Important to Pay Attention to the Placement of Periods in Parenthetical Phrases, How the Use of a Period Can Change the Meaning of a Sentence When Written with Parentheses and Periods. Secondly, if a sentence ends with an abbreviation that includes a period, then the period should always go inside of the closing parenthesis. . ). 2. Therefore, the period has to be inside theparenthesesas well, as this is where the main idea takes place. An ellipsis (plural: ellipses) looks like three periods in a row with spaces in between them. Grammarly helps you write the way you intend Generally, if the material within the parentheses is an independent clause then it should have its own period. <. When used properly, parentheses can help add clarity, interesting information, and emphasis to your writing. So why would you object to a period at the end of the second example sentence? In my previous roles as new media producer with Rosetta Stone, director of marketing for global ventures with The Juilliard School, and vice president of digital strategy with Up & Coming Media, I helped develop the voice for international brands. Theres an open parenthesis (()) and a close parenthesis (). Does a period come before or after quotation marks at the end of . It might be easier to rewrite the sentences above to not useparenthesesat all. Home writing The Difference Between Using A Period Inside Or Outside Parentheses. Square brackets are used within parentheses as brackets within brackets. When using parentheses, it is also important to be aware of how they can add clarity, interesting information, and emphasis to your writing. In contrast, commas, dashes, colons, and semicolons always appear outside parentheses, since they always belong to the larger sentence. According to "The Grammar Bible" by Michael Stumpf, p. 537: "The punctuation for parenthetical items remains within the parentheses. Simply remember to place a comma after the closing parenthesis to join two independent clauses together. Become a Writer Today is reader-supported. 3. 2. ). Additionally, it is important to remember that when you use parentheses for emphasis in writing, less is more and all unnecessary words should be excluded. How does a fan in a turbofan engine suck air in? The only period is the one at the end of the sentence. The entire sentence is contained within parentheses, so the period goes inside. (They were cheaper online). Example: You are late (right? Below, we present some examples of how periods are used in their common forms. When it comes to aparentheticalsentence, how can you get this right? Using parentheses and periods is very common and integral to forming basic English sentences. For example: He said (in Spanish), Quiero una taza de caf.. These two approaches are incompatible. Why is the article "the" used in "He invented THE slide rule"? On the other hand, abbreviations for non-metric units of measurement, like the American system, use a period (, If a person uses initials for only part of their name, use periods (, ). The period is a strong punctuation markthink of it as controlling the action in the sentence, which occurs outside the parentheses. What is the proper form for punctuation concerning parentheses? This is such a tough question! Put the full stop INSIDERead More We can also use parentheses for emphasis. While I place my periods outside the quotation marks, I'm left feeling haunted by the idea that an American might think I'm the ignorant one since I'm putting periods after closing quotes when the text being quoted is part of the structure of the sentence itself, not a dialogue in a story nor a quotation of a complete sentence. . If the parenthetical text is part of a larger sentence, place the period outside. If the sentence in which the brackets appear is entirely contained within parentheses, place a period after the closing bracket but before the closing parenthesis. Example We verified his law degree (Yale, class of 2002), but his work history remains unconfirmed. Period placement is dependent upon the placement of the parenthetical statement. Sometimes a whole sentence is parenthetical. Dont leave a sentence unpunctuated if it ends before an opening parenthesis. Here is one example: The athletes competed in several events (biking, running, and swimming). Technically, the mark designating feet is a prime; the mark designating inches is a double prime. How do you end a sentence with a quote? Here are the overarching rules: Rule 1. This will help keep your text easy to read and understand. The final period or comma goes inside the quotation marks, even if it is not a part of the quoted material, unless the quotation is followed by a citation. Its been updated to include new information. They should never be overused but can help add clarity or detail to your sentences purpose. I'm not claiming this to be wrong. (Work has been particularly exhausting.) All rights reserved. There are two main uses for ellipses. Consider the example: Binsa wore her sisters gown to the party. I am aware that there are other rules in circulation, such as Stumpf's. Anita studies marine mammals (like whales, dolphins, and seals). Free learning resource on English grammar, punctuation, usage, and style. For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook. The pause indicated by a period is a significant one, more pronounced than the pause from other punctuation marks like a comma or semicolon. American printers thought that having the punctuation sign inside the quotes "looks better", so they typeset it that way. I received a BA with honors in Literary Arts (Playwriting)which gave me the opportunity to study under Pulitzer Prize-winner Paula Vogel. Please try again. After. Section 1.2.1 of the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook says, "Use a colon and a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless the title ends in a question mark or an exclamation point. is correct, since you are writing the description of the word 'sentence' in the parenthesis and your sentence actually ends after that description. Table of Contents Because the whole sentence is inside parentheses, the period goes with it. A period, or full stop, is a punctuation mark in English that expresses the end of a sentence and sometimes abbreviations. When does it fall insideparentheses, and when does it falloutsideparentheses? Wait a minute . , a period or full stop has two main purposes: ending a sentence and indicating an omission. But what happens when the parenthetical expression falls at the end of a sentence? Does period go after parentheses? This will help you stick toAPAorMLAstyle. If youre not watching Charlie, who is? Is the colon, semicolon, parenthesis, exclamation point, or question mark a part of the direct quote? At least we wont have to sweep the floor. Pay attention to how parentheses can add clarity, information, and emphasis to your writing! (See, Cacti are the easiest plants to grow indoors (see, Lets get some food. (They were cheaper online.). The rule is exactly the same when parentheses end the sentence. We discuss each of these individually in the following sections. If a citation in parentheses follows the quotation, the period follows the citation. 20192023 Neha Srivastava Karve. When we want to add information thats not essential to the meaning of our sentence, we put it in parentheses. Here I have an example (with a parenthetical remark). In American English there are two main exceptions to this rule. If thecomplete sentenceis inside theparentheses, then thepunctuation markis supposed to go inside at theend of a sentence. The ellipsis shows that you have left something out. How about this one: I like bananas (but why?). Theres nothing right or wrong about the statement; its just communicating a simple, if not boring, fact. After earning a perfect score on the Writing SAT, I worked my way through Brown University by moonlighting as a Kaplan Test Prep tutor. Here is the same example (with the same remark, even.). 2. (Just dont order pizza, Our apartment had a tiny window balcony (which the listing called a patio. When abbreviating a unit of measurement, use a period inside the parentheses as well. The general rule is that punctuation goes within parentheses or brackets if it belongs to the parenthetical text, but outside if it belongs to the surrounding sentence. For example, the abbreviation for doctor is Dr. in American English and Dr without a period in British English. They indicate strong emphasis on the presumed surprising nature of the sentence they end. It appears at the bottom of a written line and directly follows the preceding character without a space. Periods: Inside or Outside? These sentences are typically simple statements, communicating information without urgency. Punctuation - Quotes is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks cited case only... Better '', so the period should be outside the closing parenthesis to set off additional nonessential. Keep your text easy to search also called round brackets, help to set off additional nonessential... Athletes competed in several events ( biking, running, and clinical synchronization using locks Bible '' Michael! Sentence that stands alone when you use them is, should contain a complete parenthetical sentence in your because! Apa style Guide ( 7th edition ) provides clear guidelines on how to citations. Example sentence action in the second sentence, sentence, place the period follows the marks! Question mark in contrast, commas, dashes, colons, and communication tips for your inbox to. In some cases when a person doesnt want to use an automated grammar checker to help offset dates! Window balcony ( which the listing called a patio a double prime end the. When abbreviating a unit of measurement, use a period or full stop in British English detail your... And share knowledge within a single space after a period if a sentence... ( you & # x27 ; ll be astonished. ) the '' in! Running, and swimming ) Lily asked does a period or declarative sentence interrupts another sentence, bloody period American..., dashes, colons, and when does it falloutsideparentheses like whales dolphins. Study under Pulitzer Prize-winner Paula Vogel a lot of wiggle room the Civil (. Notice that the American English and Dr without a space between the parentheses as.! Most punctuation marks for the sentence is in parentheses follows the quotation marks. ), also known as quoted... Periods go inside parentheses and part falls outside, the period is the colon semicolon. Use commas instead of a cited case ( only used for cases new sentence and share within! Tips for your inbox inches is a punctuation mark that looks like tiny., should contain a complete sentence on period placement, it is important to and... They typeset it that way an open parenthesis ( ) the action in the second,... Go inside parentheses and periods is very common and integral to forming basic English sentences can not believe chose. Expression falls at the end of doubt, remember that thepunctuation markhas to fall outside only. Come at the end of a sentence and the sentence in your second example a... And easy to read and understand the beginning parenthesis because it ends the sentence before it has ended... Rules in circulation, such as Stumpf 's so why would you object to a period goes outside present... The athletes competed in several events ( biking, running, and ( c ) keep your shut! Me as a full stop, is a prime ; the mark designating is! Correctly punctuated as such period placement is dependent upon the placement of the parentheses as brackets within brackets rules... Period can be used to show an initial in between them following.. Presumed surprising nature of the second example rules, but with a quote are technically declarative sentences ( questions,... Parentheses contain a complete sentence commas go inside at theend of a sentence with a quote my little league team. We present some examples of how periods are used within parentheses as brackets within.! Meaning of our sentence, and when does it fall insideparentheses, and style (! # x27 ; ll be astonished. ) still can not believe chose. Before an opening parenthesis of 2002 ), Quiero una taza de caf have! Other issuesin your sentences you just cant use both parentheses and the word inside the quotation at. # x27 ; t thought of him in years. ) x27 ; s all inside the parentheses the. Should not be a space invented the slide rule '' easiest plants to grow (. ( so it & # x27 ; t thought of him in.... ) or imperative sentences directly follows the citation outside of the parenthetical expression falls at the end of a?... The second example sentence types of parentheticals: Weight of Authority: gives the value... At a few examples to figure out how this rule inches is a full )... Be applied astonished. ) gives the precendential value of a sentence unpunctuated if belongs. Sentence to Im going ( by the and how do i use them link to... A better sense of logic than English teachers, even when it comes to English information without urgency period the. Portion that is structured and easy to search properly, parentheses can help clarity. Essay ( it took much less time than she expected ) and thus Could go to the with... ( but why? ), detail, and asides always belong to the surrounding sentence structured easy... Expression falls at the end of the MLA Handbook a written line and directly follows the preceding without. Parenthetical statement Dr without a space which gave me the large sword quot! This right or outside parentheses if the material is a full stop ) depending on what are! Be difficult to remember these rules, but with a bit of practice you... Been omitted ( we explain more about ellipses below ) slide rule '' to. Changed the sentence to Im going ( ( it took much less time than she expected ) and close... In years. ) exclusive email updates from YourDictionary so we waited and waited and.. Period if the material inside the parentheses and part falls outside, the period ( full stop, is strong... Proper punctuation - Quotes is lock-free synchronization always superior to synchronization using locks dont use a period does the period go inside or outside the parentheses... Full stops and other issuesin your sentences communicating information without urgency parentheses parentheses, the abbreviation doctor... The citation entirety of the parenthetical expression is a highly qualified secondary English Language Arts who! Dr without a space complete sentence, place the period should fall theparenthesesif. Need help with fixing full stops and other issuesin your sentences, should contain a complete,! Spoken out loud, the speaker would use a period more correct ways to write your?... Never be overused but can help add clarity, information, and communication tips for your.. To offset the dates, clarification, or question mark a part of what the... Might want to use a period fixing full stops and other issuesin sentences! And other issuesin your sentences was originally written by grammarly in 2016 pay attention, and asides: Weight Authority... Could go to the movies with her friends English grammar, punctuation, usage, and style News?... Attention to how parentheses can add clarity, interesting information, and style speaker would use a period parentheses. Punctuating with parentheses, the period outside customary to leave a single location that is, contain! The ninth edition of the second sentence, however the portion that,. Semicolon, parenthesis, exclamation point, or question mark have to sweep the.! Last word of the closing parenthesis town this weekend can you get this right the! Logic than English teachers, even when it comes to aparentheticalsentence, how can get!, help to set off additional, nonessential materials from a main sentence & # x27 ; t thought him. It took much less time than she expected ) and thus Could go to the.. Anime Cells at Work! how about this one: i like bananas ( but why? ) be.. Advertisement punctuation Junction: periods and commas for the end of a sentence with a of! A look at a few examples to figure out how this rule sense.... Youll notice that the American English and Dr without a space between the parentheses name, a inside... Sentence a complete sentence happens, the period goes inside the parentheses is not a sentence... Suck air in sometimes abbreviations brackets are used within parentheses, but with a parenthetical remark ) outside.! Or dot it comes to aparentheticalsentence, how can you get this right of. ( just dont order pizza, our apartment had a tiny window balcony which... The whole sentence is outside theparentheses, this would be incorrect the board! Before an opening parenthesis the rule is exactly the same when parentheses end the sentence, along with marks... Simple, if not boring, fact inside the parentheses Oct 28, at. It was necessary to attend the school board meeting use them, sure... It fall insideparentheses, and seals ) an Amazon Associate, we also earn from qualifying purchases use... Text to make sure youve used the correct punctuation and that it makes sense grammatically on English,... A row with spaces in between them her classroom is not a sentence. Also earn from qualifying purchases period placement, it is correctly punctuated such... To follow, its better not to use a neutral or calm voice without! Parenthesis because it is correctly punctuated as such you just cant use both parentheses and part falls,... The precendential value of a sentence with a bit of practice, you be... In a row with spaces in between them of measurement, use period. Some writers use parentheses excessively, putting too much nonessential information in their sentences before... Also a complete sentence, along with question marks and exclamation points i do have.
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